Corrymeela, a Community of Forgiveness :: Christianity Religion Religious Essays

Corrymeela, a Community of Forgiveness Corrymeela is a scattered Christian people group of compromise. There are 180 individuals, Catholic and Protestant, who invest in look together for the way of harmony, as they find following in the strides of Jesus. In the entirety of our work, Corrymeela looks to set up a sheltered spot where individuals feel acknowledged and esteemed. During a stay at Corrymeela, an individual is welcome to turn out to be a piece of a network that rises above the divisions, which are so amazing in a lot of life in Northern Ireland. In a protected climate, there is a chance to develop in understanding as we hear one out another’s beneficial encounters. We find that tuning in to other people, and telling our story is a method of developing nearer together, and of finding the powerlessness and humankind of the other. We locate that such an encounter can confront an individual with new decisions for their future, as biases are revealed, mistaken assumptions rectified, and dread is supplanted by trust. †Timothy Kinahan, A More Excellent Way: A Vision for Northern Ireland Presentation My profound enthusiasm for Northern Ireland is from an obscure source. Partially, I realize that I was profoundly influenced by the narratives of both dissatisfaction and compromise that my companion, Jenny, let me know after her arrival from a late spring chipping in at the Corrymeela Community. Nonetheless, Jenny’s guardians are from Ireland, her underlying foundations are there. Maybe my heart is there for an explanation that will before long be uncovered. I am anticipating finishing my Field Education in Northern Ireland the following summer and might want for six of the ten concentrated a long time to be spent at the Corrymeela Community close Ballycastle, on the Antrim Coast (see a guide of the zone, beneath). I burned through four stunning days in Northern Ireland the previous summer, chatting with a portion of the key players in the ecumenical development while getting ready for my Field Education program. I talked with Trevor Anderson, the Director of Corrymeela at th eir office in Belfast, I talked with Johnson McMaster, the Director of the Irish School of Ecumenics who offered to be my tutor the following summer. I additionally talked with David Stevens, the Secretary for the Irish Council of Churches, and this is just posting a couple! The Corrymeela Community that is situated on the Antrim Coast is a retreat place which hosts gatherings and meetings from all over Northern Ireland and the world. A large portion of the year is gone through with various sorts of gatherings, including youth, and the mid year is spent facilitating families who experience been influenced by the Difficulties either monetarily, by viciousness, or both.

Behavioral Characteristics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conduct Characteristics - Article Example He needed to stop business intrigues that are hectically annihilating incipient organisms so as to acquire undifferentiated organisms. In the event that this direct adds up to kill as he battles there is nothing to stop the abhorrent demonstration. Most researchers concur that while grown-up undifferentiated organisms offer any desire for a remedy for the absolute cruelest maladies and wounds, early stage foundational microorganisms hold much more prominent and surer guarantee. In any case, this more prominent and surer guarantee ought not drive humankind to frantically accept that there is nothing to prevent him from threatening the world as undeveloped cell research would one day make a man that would oppose even demise and become indestructible. Despise Sites There are abhor locales, Web destinations that are extremely upsetting to peruse. Sites that disparage African Americans, Jews, gays, outsiders and others, however some made it a couple of strides further by consolidating dog matism with articles about weapons, bombs and different actualizes of savagery. Others were structured intentionally to stun, with showcases of insignias, consuming crosses and nooses. One site blends loathe in with stories and photos that praise sex and brutality in the most outrageous manner possible. The individuals who run loathe locales don't for the most part set up even a weak exertion to keep out kids. In actuality, some clearly welcome kids and youngsters to take an interest. Many have music illustrations and talk intended to speak to youngsters. Kids or youngsters who develop perusing these despise destinations will get distorted at an early age which is hazardous to the mankind. Bigotry It is heartless and hasty on the grounds that any fulfillment that prejudice provides for the understudies who show supremacist images is far exceeded by the distress it causes to numerous others. They more likely than not realized that they would agitate numerous kindred understudies and overlook the not too bad respect for the sentiments of others so basic to building and saving a solid and agreeable network. No people group will get altruistic and minding by confining what its individuals can say. The most noticeably terrible guilty parties will basically discover different approaches to aggravate and affront. In conversing with understudies, the employees should try to instruct and convince, as opposed to depend on scorn or terrorizing, perceiving that lone influence is probably going to create an enduring, valuable impact. Through such endeavors, an instructive organization can help make a really understanding, steady network. In any case understudies will become youthful wrongdoers. Loathe Speech Hate discourse is a discourse that decries an individual or a gathering based on some trademark, for example, race, sex, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexual direction, or other trademark and this may actuate brutality or biased activity against or by an ensured in dividual or gathering, or on the grounds that it defames or threatens a secured individual or gathering. Kenneth Lake feels that the first ever online’ loathe speech’ preliminary will have intense ramifications with the expectation of complimentary discourse on the Internet. â€Å"I by and by will make it my life vocation to discover and execute all of you personally† marked Asian Hater, the expressions of an email message that is to have genuine ramifications for Internet opportunity. They were composed by Richard Machdo, a Los Angeles man who was sentenced last Tuesday (10/2/98) of sending supremacist demise dangers to 59 Asian understudies. The email denounced Asians for the all violations nearby, and recommended that Machado would actually â€Å"find†, â€Å"hunt down† and â€Å"kill† them in the event that they didn't leave the University of California at Irvine. The email was sent from a grounds PC and marked â€Å"Asian Hater†. Loathe discourse rouses unnatural scorn of the individuals from one individuals or network for the individuals from another subsequent in common right infringement that would negatively affect world harmony. Creature Testing Experiments on creatures, with a view to

Coming of Age in The Heart is a Lonely Hunter - Literature Essay Samples

The term â€Å"coming of age† is identified with many concepts of growing up: loss of innocence, solidification of an identity that adulthood is based upon, and conforming to society to one degree or another. These concepts are tied to various â€Å"rites of passage†, including a first sexual experience, a first truly serious event, a first job, etc. The passage into adulthood is traced in Carson McCullers’s novel, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter, through the siblings Mick and George â€Å"Bubber† Kelly. Mick’s journey from childhood to adulthood is traced as she undergoes staggered events that will shape her identity as an adult. Bubber, on the other hand, is still a child until an accident with his BB gun sparks his movement into adulthood within hours. Both characters speak to every person’s desire for the freedom to create their own identity, a desire that is universal in the book and to the audience. The most obvious examples of Mick and Bubber’s â€Å"sparking† into adulthood are directly tied to their losses of innocence, each because of a direct encounter with the idea of death. Mick experiences multiple rites of adulthood throughout the book, but none is more traumatic than finding the body of John Singer, whom she had idolized as a dearest companion. In her final chapter, it is narrated, â€Å"She was the one who found himit was not until the next day that they knew. She went in to play the radio. The blood was all over his neck†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (351-2). This experience is Mick’s first encounter with true loss, not only of her greatest friend but also her childhood, which is put to an end by this head on encounter with her own mortality. Bubber’s life is changed when he purposefully shoots another child with his BB gun. Though this could be brushed off as just a child’s accident, Bubber is significantly different after this sole event, with th e narrator saying, â€Å"But after that night there was not much of a chance for her to tease him any more- her or anybody else. After he shot Baby the kid was not ever like little Bubber again. He always kept his mouth shut and he didn’t fool around with anybody† (180). The innocence of Bubber and his childhood is entirely erased because of his near experience of being a murderer. Each sibling is confronted with death in life-altering ways, effectively ending their period of innocence and pushing them forth into their adult identities. The aforementioned moments in the narrative harden these character’s hearts significantly, likely affecting them throughout their adulthood. For Mick, Singer’s death comes at the same time she was forced to give up her dreams in order to help support her family, saying, â€Å"There were these two things she could never believe. That Mister Singer was dead. And that she was grown and had to work at Woolworth’s† (351). Mick has no choice but to be cheated of her innocence, and the audience might only be able to assume that this disbelief in reality will make her a bitter and spiteful adult. Bubber’s identity is solidified by the fact that he will always be seen as an â€Å"almost murderer†. After the shooting, â€Å"†¦nobody called him Bubber anymore. The big kids in the neighborhood started calling him Baby-Killer Kelly. But he didn’t speak much to any person and nothing seemed to bother him† (180). This excerpt speaks to B ubber’s shame over the incident and his public identity, as he is now seen as a psychopath by everybody. Just as Mick will never be known for her musical talent or her world travelling, Bubber will never be seen as anything but a shooter. These identities are created by how each character sees themselves as well as how the public sees them, something which greatly influences their adulthood. Another aspect of coming to age is the idea of conforming to the expectations of a certain society. It is painfully common for many Americans to look down on the South as full of working-class, uneducated individuals, and both Mick and Bubber are forced into becoming examples of that stereotype. Mick is forced to work a dead-end job for most likely her entire youth, if not her adult life. The narrative says, â€Å"It was like she was mad all the time. Not how a kid gets mad quick so that soon it is all over- but in another way. Only there was nothing to be mad atIt was like she was cheated† (354). Because of this reality of her future, Mick is evidence of conforming to society’s expectations of a poor, less-educated young woman like herself. Bubber too is cheated of a fair shot at life because of a mistake he made as a child. Society looks at him as uncivilized and he could be considered â€Å"white trash†; his change in personality and reputation in wake of the accident is proof that he’s changed just enough to match society’s expectations of him. Both characters embody the universal hardships in the journey of growing up while also providing commentary on what identities are based on in the American South. Coming of age is not the main theme of this book, but it is important to the story overall because it is a universal theme experience by every person in one-way or another. This theme helps the audience reflect upon what contributes to the creation of an adult, enabling the reader to feel the nostalgia of innocence and thus relate to the characters. These characters grapple with the question of how to formulate an identity when they feel like they don’t belong to anything, something all of the main characters of McCullers’s book deal with. Every character in the book wants freedom more than anything else and to take control over his or her own lives and surroundings, a desire that rests deep down within every single person. Carson McCullers uses children in The Heart is a Lonely Hunter in order to show the reader how universal our experiences are and how that is the reason why we are so desperate to connect with each other.

Analysis Of The Book His Work Memorabilia - 1169 Words

Introduction: In the first book of his work Memorabilia, Xenophon begins by implicitly claiming that he will provide an evaluative account of the persuasiveness of the charges laid against Socrates. Hence, to the extent that the Memorabilia claims to offer a defensive approach towards Socrates, this work bears a line of continuity with Xenophon’s Apology of Socrates to the Jury. The Memorabilia, however, offers a break with the Apology in terms of the method it employs in delivering the Socratic exoneration; it is not a work that provides this exoneration by providing its readers with an evaluation of the Socratic defense, against the charges of impiety and corruption of the youth. It is a work, rather, that delivers the Socratic exoneration by placing the rationale that has informed the construction of these very charges, under Xenophon’s dialectical and rhetorical scrutiny. This paper will show how Xenophon’s refutation of the corruption charges rests on two simultaneous and premises, as made evident by the inclusion of the exchange between Alcibiades and Pericles. Initially, this refutation premises itself on dissociating Socrates from Alcibiades. Secondarily, however, Xenophon’s refutation premises itself on evaluating the ambiguities that exist in the antithetical relationship, between –on the one hand- the arguments made by an accuser that all too readily signifies Socratic pedagogical praxis with having an absolute corrosive influence; and, on the other hand, theShow MoreRelatedEssay College Athletes Should Be Paid1461 Words   |  6 Pagesof endorsement deals while the players themselves still struggle to get through college with hardly any money to spend. People say that college is a lot of work; just imagine having to commit time to a sport in college as well. 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Unemployment in Macroeconomics - 1804 Words

Macroeconomics Coursework assignment word count: 1802 Marco Lau What are the main means by which unemployment can be controlled? Unemployment, the state of being unemployed, especially involuntarily can cause big problems in our modern world. But how does one measure such an enormous prospect? When measuring unemployment it is first necessary to measure the working population, as not every person is able to work. Looking at the elderly and young children as labour resources would be a waste of time. Therefore the first step to controlling unemployment would be to first measure the size of the scale we are working with. We must also look at current unemployment problems, more specifically the costs†¦show more content†¦Ã‚• Cyclical unemployment Ââ€" This is demand deficient unemployment when there is a general deficiency of aggregate demand in the economy. E.g. when there is a recession we see rising unemployment because of plant closures and worker lay-offs. • Voluntary/involuntary unemployment Ââ€" The difference between voluntary and involuntary unemployment is that with voluntary unemployment it is that the worker chooses not to accept a job at the going wage rate as opposed to involuntary unemployment when a worker accepts the wage but cannot get the offer of a job. Now that we understand the types of unemployment and the issue regarding the scale of unemployment we can focus on some of the consequences of unemployment. Many economists regard persistent unemployment as a sign of market failure, this is because unemployment is regarded as a waste of resource in the labour force; this can mean a loss of output and shows a reduction in economic efficiency. We measure unemployment using the output gap: unemployment Ââ€" claimant count. 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Leadership in Business for Occupational Health - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership in Business for Occupational Health Psychology. Answer: Introduction In the current scenario, leadership skills are one of the essential tools that is extremely as well as valuable for both the personal and the professional development (Northouse, 2015). Leadership is one of the important functions of the management, which helps an individual or the business to amplify the efficiency or achieve the objectives (Bolman Deal, 2017). This essay deals, with the critical analysis of the two leadership styles as defined by the current leadership theories. This essay also cites about two current business leaders who match to the leadership styles as portrayed in the essay. This essay also deals with the analysis of their effectiveness in terms of the theories and the principles. This essay also includes a leadership plan to develop individual leadership qualities. The purpose of this essay is to understand and explain the different styles of leadership and specifically focusing on two of the important leadership styles as well incorporate these styles with relevance to two current effective leaders. This essay also effectively helps understand and analyze the methods to develop individual leadership styles and qualities with the help of a leadership development plan. Leadership is the method with the help of which a person, a leader in this instance, influences a group of individuals towards the realization of any predefined and common goal (Antonakis, 2017). The efficiency of an effective leader is dependent on the style of performance and execution of the strategies (Giltinane, 2013). Thus, an effective leader is considered to know the strategies and the approaches in which others can be effectively guided or led. In addition to the effective leadership qualities, the leadership approaches are instrumental in defining the personal leadership styles which an individual can possibly implement to develop the skills (Du et al., 2013). The two main leadership styles that is specifically discussed in this essay are autocratic and democratic style of leadership (Arnold et al., 2015). The autocratic style of leadership as the name suggests is the style of leadership where the leader has the total control and the authority In this style of leadership the entire power or authority can be vested upon executing and imposing of crucial leadership actions such as the decision making process. The autocratic style of leadership is based and relevant with the transactional theory of leadership (Chemers, 2014). This theory lays more effort and emphasis on the vitality of the relationships that exists between a leader and the followers. This theory prime believes in the fundamental proposition where the leaders would be leading the group whereas the followers would be following and obeying them without any hindrance. On further addition, this kind of leadership style lacks the participative nature since the staffs or the employees are not consulted under any condition. This style of leadership is driven by the using of structured outline of rewards and penalty, in terms of failure to comply with the directives from the leader (Chemers, 2014). The Autocratic leadership is normally effective in instances where supervision is needed in urgency for getting the things to be done with efficiency. It is also beneficial and effective in cases where the time for making crucial decisio ns is comparatively less. However, this style of leadership is ineffective in terms of resentful and immoral followers. The second style of leadership that has been adopted is the democratic style, which is also known as the participatory or participative style of leadership which is based on the transformational theory of leadership. In this theory the core concept of leadership mainly focuses on the change and the visionary leadership with the objective of enhancing both the individual as well as the organizational performance. The democratic style of leadership usually involves the methods where the followers are also given the fair chance to develop their leadership skills through the process of shared leadership and participative decision-making. The employees are also involved with the process of problem solving and the decision-making, thus helping them understand the essence and the qualities of an effective leader. Democratic style of leadership is especially effective in the instances where the followers are in need of motivation and the urgency in the need to develop the an individuals lead ership abilities (Val Kemp, 2012). One famous example of autocratic style of leadership can be found with the leadership style of Raymond Albert Ray Kroc, an American business man who was instrumental in the global recognition of Mc Donalds, as one of the quickest expanding fast-food restaurant chains in the world. Ray Kroc believed the fact that people go to restaurants with high anticipations. He believed that be it a fast-food chain or an upscale establishment, customers always expect reliable service, well-mannered hosts and efficient servers. No matter what kind of meals they order, customers expect their food and the service to be good. Dining establishments need an autocratic leadership style to meet these expectations. However, even the most cheerful and lively restaurant runs on lean margins that can tolerate minimal mistakes. This perception and vision of an autocratic leadership as well as style well fits with Ray Kroc, which made Mc Donalds one of the popular food chains, even in till the present day (Chho kar, Brodbeck House, 2013). One significant example of democratic style of leadership can be with the leadership style of Jeff Bezos, the CEO of Amazon.com. Initially Amazon was known to sell only books. The company prospered under the theories of Lewin Leadership models. It began the implementation of the Laissez-Faire theory with Jeff Bezos as the final arbitrator of all the prime and crucial decisions, recruited many highly professional programmers, and implied the democratic or participatory style of leadership. In the current situation, Amazon sells almost anything and everything. Since Amazon is an online retail shopping portal sometimes the situations demands the autocratic style of leadership due to the commitment to its customers and service, however the company has retained and maintained its democratic values amongst the employees, executives, division heads and the project directors (Bhatti et al., 2012). Exhibit A An efficient leader should plan for the personal as well as professional growth. This section devises a leadership development plan to highlight on the strengths, weakness including the personal goals and objectives for the future reference. Personal analysis An effective leader should be able to draw his/her strengths to lead the subordinates in a better way. The first key strength is Organization, which would be helpful to manage the daily activities as well as manage the chaos to help the subordinates to work under determination and help them structure their goals as well. The other strengths that can be included are being responsible, articulated, structured, task oriented, determined, confident, and visionary and effectively management of resources. Combining these skills can effectively help assemble followers to embark on a journey to help the organization achieve its goals. The areas, which can be subjected to change or improvement, are considerably the possible weaknesses. The acknowledgement and improving of these weaknesses can be helpful in the subjugating of crisis. The areas, which possibly need improvement, are expansion of the administrative skills, laying emphasis on the interpersonal skills, improving self-confidence. The other areas of improvements are communication skills, interpersonal skills, confidently handling of relationships and technical competence. Mitigation and improvements in the cited areas can help a leader to strengthen his unique propositions (Rast III, Hogg Giessner, 2013). Setting personal Goals With the identification of the strengths and the weaknesses, the primary goal that can be set for oneself is the improvement of the strengths and the weakness. Apart from this te other five goals that can be stated are improving of the communications skills, improving of the interpersonal skills, improving of the technical knowledge as well as competence, improving of the confidence, focusing more on the relationships. These goals are primarily set based on the weaknesses that needs to be improved (Gonos Gallo, 2013). Personal objectives There are certain leadership skills that need to be established from within to ensure the efficiency of a leader. Based on this certain skills needs to be cultivated, helps understand the significance and the values of being a good leader. With reference to the personal objectives, certain skills can are to be implemented. The implementation of these skills are supposedly the personal objectives, which includes the managing the team, leading the team towards a definite goal or success. Improving the self analyzed strengths and weaknesses, managing people and relationships as well as help the team gather and understand its full potential to perform under pressure. Understanding and incorporating these skills, which are perceived as the personal objectives can in turn help the organization achieve its own objectives on personal terms (Gonos Gallo, 2013). Conclusion With the help of this essay, it can be concluded that all the theories of leadership style has certain relevance to the actual practice and the implementation of the leadership styles in business. With the help of this essay, the two relationship styles proved that they are different from each other in practice, however they have similar objectives that are considered for the implementation of the same. The autocratic and the democratic style of leadership are different in theories yet, they both are crucial in the governance of the organization as well as managing the internal sectors of the organization. References Antonakis, J. (2017).The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Arnold, K. A., Connelly, C. E., Walsh, M. M., Martin Ginis, K. A. (2015). Leadership styles, emotion regulation, and burnout.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,20(4), 481. Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G. M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M. A., Shaikh, F. M. (2012). The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction.International Business Research,5(2), 192. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017).Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Chemers, M. (2014).An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A., Sen, S. (2013). The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), 155-169. Giltinane, C. L. (2013). Leadership styles and theories.Nursing Standard (through 2013),27(41), 35. Gonos, J., Gallo, P. (2013). Model for leadership style evaluation.Management: journal of contemporary management issues,18(2), 157-168. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Rast III, D. E., Hogg, M. A., Giessner, S. R. (2013). Self-uncertainty and support for autocratic leadership.Self and Identity,12(6), 635-649. Val, C., Kemp, J. (2012). Leadership Styles.Pathways: The Ontario Journal Of Outdoor Education,24(3), 28-31.

Seeking Philosophical Problems

Abstract Philosophical problems are solved by thinking critically, unlike scientific experiments and mathematical equations, which give the undisputable results and solutions to their respective problems. In this essay, the writer argues whether all varied philosophical responses to a philosophical problem or question are valid or if a solution can be preferably accepted more than others can.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Seeking Philosophical Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Philosophical Responses There are different ways of solving problems or questions we encounter in life; the scientific questions need laboratory experiment result to answer the question, mathematical questions need mathematical theory to solve and give result, while philosophical questions can be answered by just thinking. The philosophical approach to problems by thinking begs more questions as to whether our minds are very similar in response to similar problems in same or different environment, whether we have duplicate thoughts, and what standard of thoughts can give preferred solution among varied responses? There are broad philosophical questions that are answered by many philosophers with all different kinds of evidences in support of their answers. However, how do they get these answers? What kind of experiments and thoughts make them give the probable answer to a problem? They say it is the conception analysis that determines the philosophical answer. The first step that we should know about to answer the philosophical question is the basic concept. The meaning of basic concept is what we learned from experience in our lives and the knowledge gained from the people. Novak and Canas define concept as â€Å"a perceived regularity in events or objects, or records of events or objects, designated by a label† (Para. 1). In the simple philosophical question â€Å"Does God exist†, first, we have to know what God is. The meaning of God from a dictionary says is â€Å"The creator and ruler of the universe.† Now we have basic concept of what God is, we can now think the God exist or not. However, the answer could not be the right answer because the evidence is not absolutely coming from the mathematical calculation or a laboratory experiment (Clayton Para. 3). If God does not exist, what are the evidences and proofs that makes us so? If God does exist, what are the concrete arguments that support our thinking?Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The start point of the argument is the word â€Å"God†. Human being came up with the word â€Å"God|† as a name of their creator and ruler of universe. Do they have a picture or seen the God who made the universe? If God exists why does not He/She shows up in front of us? Do they ever hear God’s voi ce? Have they touched God before? They probably answer is no, hence this could be the evidence and support my answer that God does not exist. This answer did not come from any laboratory experiment or a mathematical calculation. The assumption of the thoughts is that all the questions were negative (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Para. 1-5). If the answer to the question is not right, why should we answer it? Should we also think all science experiments, mathematical theory, and the other questions do not need answers? Human beings have to think and determine their own future by their experiences or analysis of the collected data, which help them in solving problems. The world is full of problems, for example; human being solves technologies, fire, cars, nature, and variety of tools that help in our living. If they did not have minds to think and knowledge from their experiences, we could not exist in this world. Conclusion Most philosophical problems cannot have evidence like science and mathematical but are just solved by using basic concepts of thinking and life experiences. Philosophical answers are not right but are very subjective since many people have different thoughts and knowledge, which justify varied responses to be valid in their own right. Works Cited Clayton, John. â€Å"A Practical Man’s Proof of God. Does God Exist?† 27 Aug. 2007. Web. Novak, Joseph, Canas, Alberto. â€Å"The theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct and Use them.† Institute for Human and Machine Cognition. 22 Jan. 2008. Web.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Seeking Philosophical Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. â€Å"Ontological Arguments.† 12 July 2007. Web. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ontological-arguments/ This term paper on Seeking Philosophical Problems was written and submitted by user Kailyn Phillips to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why You Shouldnt Trust Forbes College Rankings

Why You Shouldn't Trust Forbes College Rankings SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Forbes is a highly respected source of college rankings and is often consulted by students to help them decide which colleges are objectively the â€Å"best† choices. However, relying too much on these rankings can be a dangerous way to go about the college search process. In this article, I’ll outline how Forbes rankings are calculated and give you a rundown of the problematic aspects of these rankings. Overview of Forbes College Rankings Forbes is one of the most well-known sources of college rankings out there.It works in conjunction with the Center for College Affordability and Productivity to rank a total of 650 undergraduate educational institutions.Criteria for inclusion in the rankings includes the award of degrees or certificates requiring four or more years of study.All schools are classified by the Carnegie Foundation as Doctorate-Granting Universities, Master’s Colleges and Universities, or Baccalaureate Colleges. Forbes emphasizes student outcomes for colleges - this means rankings are heavily dependent on post-graduate success, freshman retention rates, graduation rates, and ultimate academic success in terms of advanced degrees and awards.An interesting thing to note about these rankings is that for each year, they incorporate the school's current scores in conjunction with scores for the past two years. This means that for 2015, a school’s score for 2015 is given a 50% weight in its composite score, and scores from 2014 and 2013 are each given a 25% weight.This is to help control for variability since ranking colleges based on graduation outcomes and post-graduate success factors means many changes from year to year. How Does Forbes Create Its Rankings? Forbes generates its rankings using several tools across different platforms and metrics.The general breakdown looks like this: Student Satisfaction (25%) This is further broken down into percentage weights for a couple different measurements.These include: Student evaluations from RateMyProfessors.com (7.5%) Freshman retention rates (12.5%) Predicted freshman retention rates compared to actual rates (2.5%) A â€Å"School Satisfaction Survey† conducted by Forbes via Facebook (2.5%) Post-Graduate Success (32.5%) This is broken down into two subcategories: Alumni salary from Payscale.com (10%) American Leaders List (22.5%) Student Debt (25%) There are three subcategories here: Average Federal Student Loan Debt (10%) Student loan default rates (12.5%) Predicted vs. actual federal student loan debt (2.5%) Graduation Rate (7.5%) This is divided into the four-year graduation rate (5%) and the predicted vs. actual four-year graduation rate (2.5%). Academic Success (10%) This is divided into two subcategories: Students receiving Nationally Competitive Awards (Rhodes Scholars, etc.) (7.5%) Alumni receiving PhDs (2.5%) PhDs must wear silly robes at all times to distinguish themselves from the unwashed masses What’s the Problem with These Rankings? Forbes rankings are based on some solid information, but they’re not going to give you the full story on whether a college is the right choice for you.There are a couple of issues you should be aware of before taking these rankings into consideration in your college search. Very little emphasis on the actual student experience While Forbes does consider RateMyProfessors feedback (which can be seriously biased towards easy professors) and makes a big deal about being the first college ranking site to use social media in the form of a Facebook survey for students, even these factors only account for 10% of the total ranking criteria.Forbesconsiders the student experience more than, say, US News, which is almost purely based on bare statistics and feedback from academics, but it still won’t give you a great sense of whether the school is a pleasant environment for students. Ratings of professors and a survey don’t give you a good sense of the community at the school.In a ranking system, it’s probably impossible for any mode of measurement to do that.This is why relying solely on any ranking system leaves you open to misinterpreting the culture at a school. You end up losing the necessary subjectivity that goes along with judgment of each individual college environment. Narrow definitions of â€Å"success† Forbes places a lot of emphasis on post-graduate success and awards earned by students.In fact, almost half of a school’s score is comprised of the â€Å"Academic Excellence† and â€Å"Post Graduate Success† categories.These are valuable measures to include, but they don’t apply to the aspirations of all students.If you’re going to college, you’re probably hoping it will get you a job, but a high salary or academic awards might not be a priority. If you’d like to pursue a social justice or public service career path, you're probably already aware that you’re not headed towards giant piles of cash.This means you have to take a step back from the rankings and investigate each school on an individual basis to come to conclusions about what fits best for you.Schools where alumni make a lot of money might just have excellent business or economics programs. That’s not relevant to you if you don’t plan on becoming a financial analyst or an entrepreneur. Jeremy in the Sky with WordArt is one of the Beatles' lesser known songs Advantages to schools with a wealthy student body Measures of student debt levels make up a significant portion of a school’s score in the Forbes ranking system (25%).While you may be interested in going to a school that appears to leave students with less debt, these measurements can be misleading. For example, schools that tend to attract an overall wealthier student body will naturally end up with less volume of student debt.These students’ parents may be able to completely foot the bill for college or keep loans small and pay them off easily later.For this reason, an objectively better student debt rating may not reflect the level of support students receive from the school or the real income potential of students.A poor student might end up with some debt in loans after college even after significant support from the school and access to a promising career path. Lack of categories to differentiate colleges of varying types The Forbes rankings lump colleges into one big list (although there are many other lists on the site - here we’re just talking about the main rankings).This is problematic because it’s very difficult to directly compare schools that are markedly different in terms of public or private status, research capabilities, and size of student body. For example, this year Pomona, a small liberal arts college, has the number one spot in the rankings, above all the Ivies, Stanford, and MIT.While there are certainly valid reasons for ranking Pomona #1, it also would be silly for you to choose it based on its higher rank if you were looking for alarger research university.Comparing a small college like Pomona to a research university with a large graduate student population like the University of Pennsylvania is comparing apples to oranges as far as the academic experience goes. The key thing to understand is that every student is different and has specific needs and preferences for their college experience.When rankings like these try to force all colleges into one category, they’re giving the students what they want (an easy way to tell which colleges are â€Å"better†) but not what they need. Relying too heavily on rankings results in a dangerously simplistic view of college quality and the college search process. Sometimes rankings are the wrong tools for understanding the environment at a college... If Not Forbes, Then What? But Sam, you may be saying, if I shouldn’t look at Forbes rankings, then what SHOULD I do? Stare at a blank wall releasing all judgment like a Buddhist monk until application time and then choose a school at random?Maybe not until application time (and please don’t choose at random), but you should certainly take a few moments to reflect more seriously on what you want out of college apart from what the rankings and others around you say you’re supposed to want.For more detail on what your should be asking yourself, read my guide on the college search process. After you’ve already picked out some schools based on what you like about them across different factors that are important to you personally, only then might you look at Forbes rankings.I broke down the weight given to different factors in the ranking process for you so that you can see what’s being measured.Make sure you always keep this in mind. It's possible thatvery few of those factors matter to you - in this case, the rankings are not going to be particularly relevant. Not particularly relevant You can still use Forbes rankings as a general guide if you've done your research and considered all the other factors that are important to you in your college search. It's useful to look at the rankings generally in groups of ten or so. The top five schools will be the most reputable, followed by the next ten, followed by the next ten, and so on. Colleges within the same group of ten won't be much different in terms of quality. Rankings like these can be useful because prestige and student outcomes are valuable measurements of college quality. Schools with better reputations will naturally attract a more intellectual group of students and usually provide more opportunities. All other things being equal, you should choose the school with the higher ranking. However, if you're trying to decide between a school with a lower ranking that's a great fit for you and a school with a high ranking that's a poor fit, you should choose the first option every time. Rather than relying totally on rankings, you can check out some of these sites that will help match you up with colleges based on what you’re looking for in terms of program offerings, size, location, social life, and many other valuable components of the college experience.Rankings are interesting and exciting because they give you fast information about which college is â€Å"better† and make you feel like success is just a matter of getting into the â€Å"right† school.The reality is that college is what you make of it. You should go somewhere where you’ll be happy and able to lead a rich academic and social life based on your personality and passions. What's Next? Looking to attend a liberal arts college? Take a look at this list of the best liberal arts schools in the country. Not sure whether you're interested in public or private schools?Read this article to learn about the differences between the two. If you want to save some money on college applications, you might consider applying to schools without application fees. Here's a complete list of all the colleges that don't charge fees to apply. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

A strategic analysis of Proctor and Gamble

A strategic analysis of Proctor and Gamble The path that leads them to achieve their goals every company has to follow And objectives which could be achievable by research, reexamine, data analysis, planning and carrying out. And to do all these, a business concern has to implement certain tools to fig out the existing scheme or and to do all these, a business organization concern has to implement certain tools to fig out the existing scheme. This procedure known by strategic analysis, acts like a light house to the organizations. Proctor & Gamble is one of the pioneer names in the consumer commodity epoch. They have been reigning in this sector for last 173 old age with rely. This written report is produced to review their strategic position and this report is produced to reexamine their strategic position PURPOSE AND PREFACE: Understanding of the environment in which an organization is operating strategic analysis is a theoretically informed, Of the organizations interaction with its environment in order to ameliorate orga nizational efficiency together with an understanding and Effectiveness by increasing the organizations capacity to deploy and effectualness by increasing the organizations capacity to deploy. Strategically added value to the carrying out of a concrete scheme to gain sustainable competitive advantage by analyzing. This report is carry owed to applying appropriate tools of strategic analysis to appraise ‘Proctor & Gamble’s Industrial environment and fig out the competitive position and operational. Proctor & Gamble Of their wide ambit of consumer commodity an American company which is globally renowned because HISTORY OF â€Å"Proctor & Gamble† Nearly serving the human beings for about 173 old. 4 billion consumer’s in the globe today where about 135,000 people are working for them they are serving and P&G has their own organization system in 80 countries in globe. They acquired the biggest broadened manpower in the human beings where about 140 nationalities people are working for them PROCTOR AND GAMBLE – BACKGROUND In 1887 they came up wad Innovation of earnings sharing program and later 1940’s they started carrying outs of consumer relations department. And in 1980’s IN the consumer relations department carrying out of e mail and IN 2002 they Developing feminine aggrandizes â€Å"naturella’ and later 2005 they came up around the high globally frequence stores. METHODLOGY In various fashion strategic analysis differs. But the various ascribes that are commonly accepted are as follows. -To formulation of scheme relevant data identification that is related. -Internal environment and analyzing the external. In the analysis different methods that are applied. -To apply to analyze the organization are as follows different methods that’s going to be SWOT Analysis Ansoff matrix. Generic strategies Value chain The uses of these analytical strategic tools will be used later on to see the organization’ s trading operations and the applies of these analytical strategic tools will be used later on to see the organization’s operations Proctor and gamble – swot analysis: Swot analysis is the strategic tools to understand the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and menaces of an organization or dweeb analysis is the strategic tools to understand the strength, failings, chances and menaces of an organization. Swot analysis of proctor and gamble are as follows:

MARKET COMMUNICATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

MARKET COMMUNICATIONS - Essay Example What platform should be used by them in order to market their products and services more effectively covering huge masses all around the globe? The companies also aim to find such marketing tools which are personal and closer to their customers’ needs and preferences. Information Search This step involves the searching phase in order to obtain the latest information regarding the most effective personal marketing tool. Different tools are used by the companies to advertise themselves. TV and commercial ads are considered as one way marketing in which the customer’s feedback cannot be obtained. In this way, the current trend of bidirectional marketing is on its move such that most of the companies are using social networking sites for this purpose. These companies not only post their marketing messages through the banner ads but also create their communities to interact with their customers, and other fans of their products. Evaluation of Alternatives After the gathering of information regarding the social network sites, the next step is to evaluate these sites as to which site fulfill the advertising requirement of those companies. Social networking sites including Facebook, twitter, MySpace etc are the most popular sites which are mostly used by the companies to advertise themselves. ... In this way, these companies tend to focus more towards Facebook as Facebook has the most number of active users as compared to other social networking sites. Buying This step is the actual buying activity in which these companies pay the Facebook for their banner ads to be put in to the Facebook pages. Facebook provides those companies a unique offer such that these companies can target their customers who are within the geographical and demographic boundaries of those companies. For instance, Facebook ensures that only those users should watch those banner ads which are used to target them by these companies rather than posting those banners on the profiles of those users who cannot be catered by those companies by any means. Post Buying Decision In the post buying stage, these advertising companies keep evaluating as what actually is feedback of the customers who being attracted by the Facebook platform. These evaluations can be performed by the activities of the users on the comm unity pages created by these companies. Customer’s feedbacks and likings would certainly lead to the judgment as how effectively the marketing messages are conveyed to the customers as a primary basis. Increase in sales and revenue growth of these companies, would eventually conform the expectations of these companies as to what extent the companies remained successful in terms of their marketing efforts. Factors affecting Facebook Customers External Factors Four external forces can influence Facebook customers might be: 1. Government interventions in respect of utilizing Facebook as a medium of marketing tool 2. Emergence of other better social networking site with more enhanced

World War I - Why did the Senate choose to Ratify the Treaty of Essay

World War I - Why did the Senate choose to Ratify the Treaty of Versailles - Essay Example Article 10 of the League Covenant required a pledge that all the Nations in the League come to help one another in case of an attack against any of them. The lack of a clause that such action could only be materialized through a unanimous vote of the council infuriated the Senate. Clearly the only solution was to stay away from any European conspiracy and conclude a separate peace with Germany. While Wilson’s Fourteen Points forced Germany to sign a blank check as an account for the damages of the War, they had to go through an inevitable bout of isolationism, which could have resulted in the rise of Hitler and the II World War. Moreover the major European nations like Britain, France and Italy felt that Wilson’s view of the League of Nations may affect their national interests – thus impeding his vision of a World Parliament. The Senate’s opposition was based mostly on its fear that the situation will lead to other major European conflicts, which was not at all unfounded. Moreover, America as a nation had an isolationist stance at that time, never wanting to get involved in international political turmoil. The Senate wanted to be left alone and not be dragged into the new world order. They were strongly against the Versailles Treaty and refused to ratify

Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations - The Natural Order is Driven by Man

Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations - The Natural Order is Driven by Man’s Self-interest Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations argues for a system of political economy that separates economy – the creation and distribution of wealth – from governmental interference. In Smith’s view, the economy of a nation grows as a direct consequence of private business ventures in the interest of each individual owner. Regulation by the government hurts the economy, and the progress of society is derived from the flow of the market. Things should be left in their natural states, thus maintaining a â€Å"natural order† of society. The basis of Smith’s thesis is that this natural order is driven by Man’s self-interest. Smith presents the first and arguably most important aspect of social organization based upon self-interest as the division of labor. He asserts that the division of labor occurs naturally in society as â€Å"the consequence of a certain propensity in human nature †¦ the propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another† (21). This propensity arises from man’s â€Å"almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren,† (21) an idea illustrated by the fact that in both Smith’s and modern times, the number of truly self-sufficient individuals are few. This â€Å"trucking disposition gives occasion to the division of labor,† and Smith makes the example of a hunter who, in trading arrows with others, can acquire whatever he needs and will be encouraged to â€Å"apply himself to a particular occupation, and to cultivate and bring to perfection whatever talent †¦ he may possess for that †¦ business† (23). At this point, Smith is making an assumption: that men will always choose to do something that will provide them with more over some... ...der a man who donates to a charity. On the one hand, economically he gains nothing from this action, and this action does not contribute to his private opulence, defined by Smith as â€Å"originally derived †¦ [from] the uniform, constant and uninterrupted effort of every man to better his condition† (205). On the other hand, a more cynical individual might say that the giver gains some kind of metaphysical or subjective return from this action that contributes to his self-interest. Smith seems to have little faith in the natural goodness of Man, writing â€Å"it is in vain for [one man] to expect [help] from [other men’s] benevolence only† (22). This pessimistic viewpoint Smith holds might explain what leads him to see self-interest as the primary factor in the actions of humanity. Bibliography: Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1991 (1776)

Hamlets Character is contradictory&quot Essay

Shakespeare gives Hamlet a very indecisive character in this play. This in turn leads to Hamlet becoming contradictive, more and more so throughout the play. His main problem is that he is more of a ‘thinker’ than a ‘doer’. This causes him many problems throughout the whole play. The first example we get of this comes in Hamlets first soliloquy. Here we find out what Hamlet truly feels about the situation he finds himself in after his fathers death. After initially seeming to be willing to go along with Claudius’s and his mother’s marriage here we find out how he truly feels. He expresses his disgust at the hastiness from which his Mother has married to Claudius so soon after his fathers death. He also expresses how devastated he is at the death of his father and Claudius taking the crown, which Hamlet believes should rightfully be his. Hamlet once again shows this when he goes with his Fathers ghost. He comes back from this encounter determined to take revenge on Claudius but then passes up many chances to do so in order to make sure that the ghost is telling the truth. Hamlet continues this throughout the play and ironically this leads to him doing exactly the opposite of what the ghost wants by hurting his Mother and not taking revenge on Claudius when he has many chances to. Another appearance of Hamlets contradiction appears in his first soliloquy when he is very damning towards women: â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman! † This contradicts with his apparent infatuation with his mother, and especially with her sexual behaviour. Hamlets contradictory character is also reflected in the many mood swings he has during the play. He constantly changes his mood one minute appearing relatively happy, the next he is at his sadistic worse cruelly teasing others with his wordplay. The worst of this comes when he is talking to Ophelia in Act 3 Scene 1, where nearly everything he says to her has a sexual double meaning. Here Hamlet has realised that he is being spied on and intend to have some fun at Ophelia’s expense as he feels that she has been used as a spy whereas in reality she knows nothing of the situation. Hamlets character however can not just be described as contradictory, it id far too complex for that. Hamlet could also be described as erudite, ingenious and quick-minded for the way he took advantage of the players arriving and setting up the play â€Å"Murder of Gonzago† in order to test the Kings guilty conscience and find out if he really did kills Old Hamlet. Hamlet is also regarded as pessimistic, over – dramatic, angry, desperate and frustrated for his outlook on life and human nature and the way he feels about being denied the chance to become king after his father’s death. Many people also feel that Hamlet is obsessive; this is shown with his fixation with his mother’s sexuality and is once again brought into light by Ophelia revealing all of the love letters that Hamlet has sent to her in the past. All in all I believe that whilst contradiction is one of Hamlets main characteristics, his character is too broad for it to be described as any one thing.

Integrated Planning Matrix - 4838 Words

1 Surname, Initial EDP 135 Introduction to Curriculum Assignment 2 Integrated Planning Matrix Template Task: Develop an integrated planning matrix and the outline for a lesson series of approximately five lessons in response to one of the scenarios provided. Demonstrate how planning processes from macro to micro levels (whole school to classroom, or program to lesson) - satisfy curriculum demands and the needs of students. Choose one of the scenarios listed in Topic 8 to plan your series of 5 lessons. Scenario 3: Mountain View Primary School EDP 135 Introduction to Curriculum Assessment 2 Integrated Planning Matrix General Capability/ies Learning Area/s Broad objective/s Lesson Objective/s Key learning opportunities Evaluation/assessment Resources (Use if you wish) Literacy, Critical and creative thinking, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures, Asia and Australia ´s engagement with Asia. English/Literacy/Interpreting, analysing, evaluating Read an increasing range of different types of texts by combining contextual, semantic, grammatical and phonic knowledge, using text processing strategies, for example monitoring, predicting, confirming, rereading, reading on and self-correcting reading text types from a students culture to enhance confidence in building reading strategies By the end of this lesson students will know about the English language; understand, appreciate, respond to, analyze and create literature; beShow MoreRelatedQuestionnaire And Questionnaire On Customer Requirements Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagesare acceptable. If the importance degree is higher than satisfaction, this suggests that some improvements should be identified. Questionnaires are used to assess discrepancies in customer perceptions [21]. 4.3. Identify business planning parameters The business planning parameters can be used to satisfy the CRs and enhance customer satisfaction. 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Philosophy And Justice What Is A Just Society.. Introduction

Philosophy and Justice: What is a Just Society Introduction to Philosophy Chelsea Snelgrove Edwina Johnson 04/04/2017 In 1998, a lady by the name of Rosa Parks stated that racism is still with us but it is up to us to educate our children for what is to come and then shall we move forward. There are those who believe that these words no longer hold value. That is farthest from the truth. Unfortunately racism is indeed still real in this world. You see, racism is not something that appeared out of thin air. In fact, racism began dating back to the early years of slavery. Thank God slavery no longer exists. Yet racism still does. Racism still plays a†¦show more content†¦We can provide for our families adequately. Yet, we shall never forget the struggles that our ancestors faced to get us to where we are now. David Frances wrote in article that it is very likely that african americans will have an higher unemployment rate than whites. In the united states racism and white supremacy go hand in hand. White supremicists feel as if they are superior to any other race besides their own. They feel that it gives the the right to dominate the world, socially and politically. There was an experiment conducted by Marc Benedict Jr, that proved that racism is not experienced by just blacks.( Abagoned 2010) The United States decided to break all of the rules and elected its first black president not once but twice. This should be enough to end racism, yet it seemed to only cause more racism. Do you honestly think if Obama ran for office 50 years ago that he would of won? In my opinion, I feel as if Obama won the race to only be used as a pawn. Even as the POTUS, Obama had his share of racism. What about the Trayvon Martin case? This young man was not only racially profiled but he was shot down by a white man whom claimed that Martin threathened him. 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William Shakespeares Presentation of Hamlet Through...

William Shakespeares Presentation of Hamlet Through Soliloquies Shakespeare presents Hamlet in the first Act as distraught and angry in a state of utter depression caused by his father’s death and as we learn during the first soliloquy, by his mother’s ‘frailty’ in remarrying so soon after the King’s death. Shakespeare reveals Hamlet’s torment and the origins and causes of a lot of his feelings that contribute to his behaviour throughout the play, in the first of Hamlet’s soliloquies in Act One, Scene Two. It is in this soliloquy that we learn of the hatred Hamlet feels for his mothers ‘incestuous’ marriage to his uncle Claudius, and ultimately the hatred he feels for himself. Not only do†¦show more content†¦Hamlet cannot see any solution to end his ‘too solid flesh’ other than suicide; it is the only way in which he feels he will be free. However, ‘the Everlasting’ does not allow anyone to act in this way. 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Dream Psychology- Sigmund Freud Free Essays

string(89) " conscious and interpreted so that better understanding can be shed on one’s problems\." Dreams and the Sub-Conscious Mind The definition of a dream is a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person’s mind during sleep. It is believed that dreams have always existed in human society and have been shared among members of societies dating back to 3000-4000 BC. In various societies dreams held a number of meanings and significance. We will write a custom essay sample on Dream Psychology- Sigmund Freud or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout history dreams have been recognized as significant symbols or signs, warnings of the future, connections between living and the dead, capable of diagnosing illness and predicting onset of diseases, temptations of the devil, and numerous other possible things. Dream interpretations, or attempts made to understand a person’s dream, date back to 3000-4000 B. C. , where they were documented on clay tablets. For as long as man has been able to talk about dreams, humans have been fascinated with them and have strived to understand them, though this is challenging because dreams are often so easily forgotten. Throughout the history of the study of dreams, famous theorists have presented their own dream philosophies and theories, developed eight specific categories of dream types, and presented many dreams found commonly among people which represent common aspects of life, all of these things have been developed in trying to answer one question: Do dreams reflect, or relate to, a person’s sub-conscious state of mind? First, the most famous of all dream theorists is a man named Sigmund Freud, who lived from 1856-1939 and is considered to be â€Å"the father of psychoanalysis† (Dream Moods). evolutionizes the study of dreams with his work The Interpretation Of Dreams. Freud begins to analyze dreams in order to understand aspects of personality as they relate to pathology, or the science of causes and effects of diseases. He believes that nothing one does occurs by chance; every action and thought is motivated by the unconscious  at some level. In  order to live in a civiliz ed society, humans have a tendency to hold  back  urges and repress impulses. However, these urges and impulses must be released in some way; they have a way of coming to the surface in ambiguous forms. Read also Memory – Forgetting Freud believes that one way these urges and impulses are released is through dreams. Because the content of the unconscious may be extremely disturbing or harmful, Freud believes that the unconscious expresses itself in a symbolic language. To explain this symbolic language, Freud categorizes aspects of the mind into three parts. These parts include the Id, the Ego, and the Superego. Id, which is centered around primal impulses, pleasures, desires, unchecked urges and wish fulfillment. Ego, which is concerned with the conscious, the rational, the moral and the self-aware aspect of the mind. Superego, which is considered to be the sort of â€Å"censor† for the id, which is also responsible for enforcing the moral codes of the ego. When one is awake,   the impulses and desires of the id are suppressed by the superego. Through dreams, one is able to get a glimpse into the unconscious, or the id. Because one’s guards are down during the dream state, the unconscious has the opportunity to act out and express the hidden desires of the id. However, the desires of the id can, at times, can be so disturbing and even psychologically harmful that a â€Å"censor† comes into play and  translates the id’s disturbing content into a more acceptable symbolic form. This helps to preserve sleep and prevent one from waking up shocked at the images. As a result, confusing and often cryptic dream images occur. According to Freud, the reason one struggles to remember their dreams, is because the superego is at work. It is doing its job by protecting the conscious mind from the disturbing images and desires conjured by the unconscious. According to Freud, dreams always have what he called a â€Å"manifest and latent content† (qtd. in moods). The manifest content is what the dream seems to be saying. It is often bizarre and seemingly nonsense. On the contrary, the latent content is what the dream is really trying to say. Dreams give one a look into the unconscious. Freud believes that it is possible to chip through the dream’s manifest content to reveal the underlying significance and its latent by utilizing the technique of â€Å"free association†. Using this technique, one must start with one dream symbol and then follow with what automatically comes to the mind first. One must continue in this manner and essentially see where it leads. In order to interpret the cryptic images of dreams, Freud divided the images into five major categories, or processes. The first being displacement which occurs when the desire for one thing or person is symbolized by something or someone else. The second, projection which happens when the dreamer propels their own desires and wants onto another person. The third being symbolization which is characterized when the dreamer’s repressed urges or suppressed desires are acted out metaphorically. Fourth, condensation which is the process in which the dreamer hides their feelings or urges by contracting it or underplaying it into a brief dream image or event. Thus the meaning of this dream imagery may not be apparent or obvious. Lastly, rationalization which is regarded as the final stage of dreamwork. The dreaming mind organizes an incoherent dream into one that is far more understandable and logical. This is also known as secondary revision. Essentially this is Freud’s basic explanation of what dreams are and how one is to interpret them. Freud’s dream psychology is heavily based on psychoanalysis and is centered on the fact that dreams do in fact reflect the sub-conscious mind of the dreamer. Another dream theorist, who lived during the time of Freud, Alfred Adler (1870-1937), believed the importance of dreams to be a little different than Freud’s beliefs. Essentially, Adler believed that dreams are an important tool to mastering control over waking lives. They are problem-solving devices. Dreams need to be brought to the conscious and interpreted so that better understanding can be shed on one’s problems. You read "Dream Psychology- Sigmund Freud" in category "Papers" Adler believes it is important to learn from dreams and incorporate them into waking life. Adler believes that there is a correlation between dreams and the problems in daily life. The more dreams one has, the more problems one is likely to have. Adler believes that dreams are an open pathway toward one’s true thoughts, emotions and actions. In dreams, one clearly sees one’s aggressive impulses and desires. Dreams are also a way of overcompensating for the shortcomings in waking life. For example, if one is unable to stand up to a boss in waking life, then one may find it easier to lash out at the boss within the comfort and safety of a dream. Dreams offer some sort of satisfaction that is more socially acceptable. So, though Adler does not entirely agree with Freud’s views of the subconscious controlling the dream, he does in fact believe that one’s subconscious desires and drive are released through a dream. A third dream theorist, Carl Jung, who was considered to be a mentor of Freud’s also believed in the existence of the unconscious. However, he did not see the unconscious as animalistic, instinctual, or  sexual; he saw it as more  spiritual. Eventually, Jung split with Freud due to their differing views on dreams. According to Jung, dreams are a way of communicating and acquainting oneself with the unconscious. Dreams are not attempts to conceal one’s true feelings from the waking mind, but rather they are a window to the unconscious. They serve to guide the waking self to achieve wholeness and offer a solution to a problem one is facing in waking life. Jung views the ego as one’s sense of self and how one portrays oneself to the world. Part of Jung’s theory is that all   things can be viewed as paired opposites: good/evil, male/female, or love/hate. So working in opposition to the ego, is the â€Å"counterego† or what he refers to as the shadow. The shadow represents the rejected aspects of oneself that one does not wish to acknowledge. The shadow is more primitive, somewhat uncultured,   and a little awkward. As dreams are a way of communicating with the unconscious, Jung believed that dream images reveal something about oneself, one’s relationships with others, and situations in one’s waking life. Dreams guide one’s personal growth and  help in achieving full potential. Jung also believes that the dream’s manifest content is just as significant  and revealing as the  latent content. By simply discussing what is currently going on in one’s life, it can help one interpret and unlock the cryptic images of one’s  dreams. Jung’s method of dream interpretation is placed more confidently on the dreamer. He believes that all dreamers possess the necessary tools to interpret their own dreams. The meaning of one’s dreams is a personal judgment and is up to the dreamer on how to interpret them. Jung noted certain dream symbols that possess the same universal meaning for all men and women. He terms this phenomenon the â€Å"collective unconscious†. While dreams are personal, one’s personal experiences often touch on universal themes and symbols. These symbols are believed to occur in every culture throughout history. Jung identifies seven such symbols in what is referred to as the major archetypal characters: 1. The Persona is the image one presents to the world in  waking life. It is similar to a public mask. In the dream world, the persona is represented by the Self. 2. The Shadow is the rejected and repressed aspects of oneself. It is the part of oneself that one does not want the world to see because it is ugly or unappealing. It symbolizes weakness, fear, or anger. In dreams, this figure is represented by a stalker, murderer, a bully, or pursuer. It can be a frightening figure or even a close friend or relative. Their appearance often makes one angry or leaves one scared. They force one to confront things that one doesn’t want to see or hear. 3. The Anima / Animus is the female and male aspects of oneself. Everyone possess both feminine and masculine qualities. In dreams, the anima appears as a highly feminized figure, while the animus appears as a hyper masculine form. These dream imageries appear depending on how well one is able to integrate the feminine and masculine qualities within oneself. They serve as a reminder that one must learn to acknowledge or express a masculine (be more assertive) or feminine side (be more emotional). . The Divine Child is one’s true self in its purest form. It not only symbolizes innocence, vulnerability, and helplessness, but it represents one’s aspirations and full potential. One is open to all possibilities. In the dreamscape, this figure is represented by a baby or young child. 5. The Wise Old Man /Woman is the helper in dreams. Represented by a teacher, father, doctor, priest or some other u nknown authority figure, they serve to offer guidance and words of wisdom. They appear in the dream to steer and guide the dreamer into the right direction. 6. The Great Mother is the nurturer. The Great Mother appears in dreams as ones own mother, grandmother, or other nurturing figure. She provides one with positive reassurance. Negatively, they may be depicted as a witch or old bag lady in which case they can be associated with seduction, dominance and death. This juxtaposition is rooted in the belief by some experts that the real mother who is the giver of life is also at the same time jealous of ones growth away from her. 7. The Trickster, as the name implies, plays jokes to keep one from taking oneself too seriously. The trickster may appear in ones dream when one has overreached or misjudged a situation. Or he could find himself in the dream when one is uncertain about a decision or about where to go in life. The trickster often makes one feel uncomfortable or embarrassed, sometimes mocking or exposing  one to personal vulnerabilities. He may take on subtle forms, sometimes even changing its shape. Overall, Jund seemed to be influenced by both Freud and Adler in his belief of the dream yet he presented common dreams symbols which further explained the manifestation of one’s sub-conscious mind within the dream. Next, research and records of dreams further progressed it was discovered that there are essentially eight major categories which all dreams fall into. These categories being: daydreams, lucid dreams, nightmares, recurring dreams, healing dreams, signal dreams, and epic dreams. Daydreams are often viewed as light-hearted in nature. They are silly fantasies and wishful thinking. Actually, even worrying over things can be classified as a form of daydreaming. When one worries, one is visualizing an unwanted or negative outcome to a situation. By repeating these negative images in one’s mind, one is more likely to make them happen. Daydreaming is believed to occur when one is only semi-awake and it is essentially running away with ones imagination, or the take over one’s thoughts by wandering sub-conscious mind. Next is the Lucid dream. Lucid dreams give the ability to control one’s own dreams and steer them toward the direction the dreamer wants. In the lucid state, one is more willing to confront threats and as a result, become more self confident. When one achieves lucidity, one can use it as a tool to improve one’s sports game, to rehearse for a speech, to fulfill your fantasies, or to solve a problem in your waking life. Though lucid dreams often give one the power to face the things in the forefronts of one’s mind, it is believed that the unconscious is what triggers a lucid dream and encourages one to assume this power. Third, is nightmares which are a subcategory of dreams. The distinction of a nightmare is its frightening and/or emotional content. One tends to wake up in fear in the midst of a nightmare. Because of its frightening nature, one is more likely to remember nightmares and the vivid details. Nightmares are almost always believed to be caused by the sub-conscious mind as it the sub-conscious’ way to get your attention about a situation or problem that one has been avoiding, warning of a health issue, or nightmares may stem from a deeper level indicating that something is troubling you from within your subconscious. Next, is recurring dreams, which are quite common and are often triggered by a certain life situation, transitional phase in life or a problem that keeps coming back again and again. These dreams may recur daily, once a week, or once a month. Whatever the frequency, there is little variation in the dream content itself. Such dreams are often a message from the subconscious highlighting a personal weakness, fear, or inability to cope with something in one’s life. Fourth, is Healing dreams are often dreams which tell the dreamer that he or she needs to go to the dentist or doctor. These dreams are often communication between mind and body that something is not quite right. Prophetic dreams, also referred to as precognitive or psychic dreams, are dreams that seemingly foretell the future. One rational theory to explain this phenomenon is that one’s dreaming mind is able to piece together bits of information and observation that one may normally overlook or that one does not seriously consider. In other words, one’s sub-conscious mind knows what is coming before one consciously pieces together the same information. Signal dreams, are similar to healing dreams, in that they are essentially a warning. Signal dreams are considered to be a sub-conscious warning or problem solving method to help the dreamer deal with situations in life. Lastly, Epic dreams are so huge, so compelling, and so vivid that one cannot ignore them. The details of such dreams often remain with one for years. These dreams possess much beauty and contain many archetypal symbology. When one wakes up from such a dream, one feels that they have discovered something profound or amazing about oneself or about the world. These dreams are also often future telling or even present revealing messages from the subconscious mind. Overall, each of these categories or types of dreams are the development which has resulted from the theories of the above dream theorists. Each type of dream is related to an archetype or belief of one, two, or even all three of the above theorists which reveals the large influence of the subconscious mind on dreams. Overall, it can be concluded that dreams are quite often reflecting of, or related to, the subconscious mind of the dreamer. This can be seen in all three of the major theories presented and through the eight major types of dreams which have been determined through said theories. For example, In Freud’s theory, he states his belief that dreams are the subconscious mind’s release of suppressed desires and ambitions of the dreamer. Freud believes these suppressed desires must be released, so the mind releases them in the form of a dream, which can often be incredibly disturbing. That is, until the subconscious mind intervenes, turning these disturbing dreams into cryptic and symbolic images which can really only be understood through psychoanalysis of the mind of the dreamer. Adler’s theory, similar to Freudian theory, but not entirely the same claims that dreams are essentially problem solving devices. Adler believes that through dreams the subconscious mind of the dreamer brings forward waking life desires the dreamer may not even realizes exist yet. Adler states that the dream is used to make the conscious mind aware of what to do in waking life as it presents lessons to be learned from. Freud and Adler differ in that Freud believes the dream comes from the conscious mind and is edited and controlled by the subconscious, whereas Adler believes the dream comes from the subconscious and is to teach the conscious, and make it more aware. Lastly is Jung who believes all dreams share in a number of specific archetypes and are a way of communicating and acquainting oneself with the subconscious. Jung’s theory differs the greatest from Freudian theory and Adler’s theory as Jung believes the conscious and subconscious mind come together in a dream, and work together to create images which express the psychological state, and views of the dreamer. Overall, each of these three theorists and the eight categories of dreams which resulted from their studies have revealed that the subconscious mind of the dreamer has great influence on dreams and that the subconscious, no matter what the dream, plays a major role in some aspect of the creation or portrayal of the dream. How to cite Dream Psychology- Sigmund Freud, Papers